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<title>全归纳！一文读懂tpu助剂！_软泡硅油_海绵硅油_阻燃硅油_慢回弹硅油_高回弹硅油</title>
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				全归纳！一文读懂tpu助剂​

助剂是橡胶工业的重要原料，用量虽小，作用却甚大，聚氨酯弹性体从合成到加工应用都离不开助剂，按所起作用的不同，可分合成体系、改性及操作体系、硫化体系及防护体系四类助剂。
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		<p>全归纳！一文读懂<a href="https://www.51qiguang.com/"><strong>tpu助剂</strong></a>​</p>
<p>助剂是橡胶工业的重要原料，用量虽小，作用却甚大，聚氨酯弹性体从合成到加工应用都离不开助剂，按所起作用的不同，可分合成体系、改性及操作体系、硫化体系及防护体系四类助剂。</p>
<p>合成助剂</p>
<p>01</p>
<p>催化剂及阻聚剂</p>
<p>聚氨酯弹性体的合成中，为了加快主反应的速度，往往需要加入催化剂，常用的催化剂有叔胺和有机锡两类，叔胺类有三乙烯二胺、三乙胺、三甲基苄胺、二甲基乙醇胺、吗啡啉等，其中以三乙烯二胺重要；有机锡类有辛酸亚锡、二月桂酸二丁基锡等。此外，还有有机汞、铜、铅和铁类，以有机铅、汞为重要，如辛酸铅和汞等。有机二元酸，如己二酸、壬二酸可作为聚醚型聚氨酯浇注橡胶的催化剂。</p>
<p><img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1358" src="https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1667370825621.jpg" width="780" height="520" srcset="https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1667370825621.jpg 780w, https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1667370825621-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1667370825621-768x512.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px" /></p>
<p>胺类催化剂多用于泡沫配方中的成泡反应，在聚醚体系中，胺和锡类催化剂并用可获得佳的泡孔结构。</p>
<p>有机锡类催化剂通常催化ho和nco反应过程，可避免oh的副反应，该类催化剂除提高总的反应速率外，还能使高分子质量多元醇与低分子质量多元醇的反应活性趋于一致，从而使制得的预聚物具有较窄的分子质量分布和较低的粘度。</p>
<p>使用催化剂对弹性体终制品的性能是有不良影响的，主要影响高温性能和耐水解性。</p>
<p>阻聚剂以酸类、酰氯类使用较多，酸类使用多的氯化氢气体，酰氯类有甲酰氯、己二酰氯等。</p>
<p>02</p>
<p>扩链剂和扩链交联剂</p>
<p>在聚氨酯弹性体的合成中，扩链剂是指链增长反应必不可少的二元醇类和二元胺类化合物；而扩链交联剂指的是既参与链增长反应，又能在链节间形成交联点的化合物，如三元醇和四元醇类、烯丙基醚二醇等。浇注型聚氨酯弹性体除烯丙基醚二醇不适用外，其他扩链或扩链交联剂都可以使用，热塑性聚氨酯弹性体仅使用二醇类；混炼型聚氨酯弹性体既可使用二醇也可用烯丙基醚二醇类。一般低分子质量的脂肪族二元醇和芳香族二元醇都可以作为扩链剂，脂肪族二元醇有乙二醇、丁二醇和己二醇等，其中重要的是1，4-丁二醇（bdo），在制备热塑性聚氨酯时用得多，它不仅起扩链作用，还可调整制品硬度。在芳香族二元醇中，较重要的是对二酚二羟乙基醚（hqee），它能提高聚氨酯弹性体的刚性和热稳定性；另一种芳族二醇是间二酚二羟乙基醚（her），它能大限度地维持弹性体的持久性、弹性和可塑性，而同时又可将收缩率限制到小。her与hqee都具有芳香族扩链剂的优点且不污染环境，但当使用温度稍微下降时，hqee有迅速结晶的趋势，因而限制了它的应用，若将her与hqee混合使用，既可解决结晶问题，还能改善制品的机械性能。</p>
<p>一般使用的二元胺类扩链剂都是芳香族的，常用的是3，3’-二氯-4，4’-  二基甲烷二胺（moca） 环上的氯原子取代基降低了氨基与异氰酸酯的反应速率，从而延长了釜中寿命，这对于手工浇注聚氨酯弹性体制品是极其重要的。其他一些二胺，如3，3’-二氯-聚联二胺、4，4’-二基甲烷二胺、联二胺和三嗪二胺等也可以作为聚氨酯弹性体合成中的扩链剂等。扩链交联剂有三醇、四醇类及烯丙基醚二醇类，三醇四醇中常用的有丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、1，2，6-己三醇和季戊四醇等，它们与异氰酸酯反应，生成氨基甲酸酯交联；烯丙基醚二醇类化合物中常用的有：α-烯丙基甘油醚（α-age）、三羟甲基丙烷烯丙基醚和缩水甘油烯丙基醚，前两个化合物可在合成聚酯时加入，将烯丙基引入聚酯主链上；也可在合成生胶时加入，烯丙基引入生胶主链上。在聚醚生产中，这三种化合物都可使用。</p>
<p>改性剂操作助剂</p>
<p>此类助剂中有的能改进制品性能和外观，有的可改善操作工艺，如增塑剂、减磨剂、润滑剂、填充剂、着色剂和脱模剂。</p>
<p>01</p>
<p>增塑剂</p>
<p>增塑剂主要用于聚氨酯混炼胶中，使用目的是增加混炼胶的可塑性，改善加工性能及硫化胶的低温性能，降低硫化胶的硬度及定伸强度。增塑剂的用量不宜过大，否则会降低硫化胶的耐磨性能。聚氨酯橡胶具有强极性，所以一般选用极性增塑剂。二甲酸酯类、磷酸酯类、脂肪族醇酸类和其他树脂，如二甲酸二甲氧基乙二醇酯、磷酸三酯、二甲酸二丙二醇酯、三乙二醇二壬酸酯、古马隆-茚树脂等。有关试验结果表明：用癸二酸二辛酯时，硫化后有喷出现象；用古马隆树脂时，拉伸强度较高，永久变形小，但硬度降低明显；用亚磷酸三甲酚酯时，拉伸强度次于用古马隆树脂，但硬度降低较明显。</p>
<p>02</p>
<p>减磨剂</p>
<p>在某些特殊的场合下，为了降低聚氨酯弹性体的摩擦系数，进一步提高耐磨性，需在聚氨酯弹性体中加入减磨剂，如硅油、二硫化钼、二硫化钛、石墨和四氟乙烯等，这种改性材料具有自润滑性能，用作轴承、轴套等部件，有很大经济意义。</p>
<p>03</p>
<p>润滑剂</p>
<p>聚氨酯弹性体所用的润滑剂，主要用于热塑性和混炼型弹性体的加工过程中，常用的有硬脂酸及其盐类、石蜡类、硬脂酰胺类。</p>
<p>04</p>
<p>脱模剂</p>
<p>脱模剂是生产三种类型聚氨酯弹性体制品时都离不开的操作助剂。聚氨酯是强极性高分子材料，它与金属和极性高分子材料的粘结力很强，不用脱模剂，制品很难从模具中脱出。常用的脱模剂有硅橡胶、硅酯、硅油、皂类以及石蜡等，也可以选用非极性高分子材料如聚四氟乙烯、硅橡胶、聚乙烯、聚乙烯等材料制作模具，以免去擦涂或喷涂脱模剂工序。传统的脱模剂都采用有机溶剂配制，近年来国内外都在开发水基脱模剂，有些品种如国产prw-105已投入市场，它具有无毒、无味、不燃、不污染环境等特点，还有涂刷一次可做多个制品的优质脱模剂。</p>
<p><img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1359" src="https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1672232286701.jpg" width="660" height="660" srcset="https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1672232286701.jpg 660w, https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1672232286701-300x300.jpg 300w, https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1672232286701-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px" /></p>
<p>05</p>
<p>填充剂</p>
<p>填充剂是为了降低制品成本和改善耐热性，减少收缩率和热膨胀系数等某些性能而加入的。在混炼型聚氨酯橡胶中往往要加入20-30份炭黑，其目的不是为了补强，而是在保持橡胶物理机械性能基本不变的前提下降低制品的成本。随着炭黑加入量的增加，胶的拉伸强度与伸长率逐渐减小，硬度则直线上升，不同规格的炭黑对强度等性能的影响也不同，以易混槽黑为好，其次是耐磨炭黑，半补强炭黑较差。其他填充剂如陶土、白炭黑、碳酸钙、钡等也可采用。在浇注型聚氨酯橡胶中，常用的预聚物moca配料体系一般不加填充剂，因为体系粘度大，凝胶快，很难操作。在其他配料体系如预聚物/多元醇体系，用于制作铺装材、防水材、密封胶、修补胶、灌封胶及低硬度胶辊等产品时，往往加入碳酸钙、石英粉、钛白粉、陶土、重晶石、滑石粉、煤粉、玻璃微珠和玻璃纤维，该类体系粘度小，易添加并能改善加工性能、某些物性，且降低成本。在反应注射成型（rim）制品中为提高制品的刚性和模量，降低热膨胀系数和制品成本，往往要加入玻璃纤维作填充剂，有时也加入云母片、硅灰石、碳纤维、聚芳酰胺等填充物。</p>
<p>06</p>
<p>着色剂</p>
<p>聚氨酯弹性体制品五颜六色，美观大方的外观靠的是着色剂。着色剂有两种，有机染料和无机颜料，有机染料大部分用于热塑性聚氨酯制品中，装饰美化注射件和挤出件。弹性体制品的着色一般有两种方式：一种是将颜料等助剂和低聚物多元醇研磨成色浆母液，然后将适量的色浆母液与低聚物多元醇搅拌混合均匀，再经加热真空脱水后与异氰酸酯组分反应生产制品，如热塑性聚氨酯色粒料和彩色铺装材；另一种方法是将颜料等助剂和低聚物多元醇或增塑剂等研磨成色浆或色膏，经加热真空脱水，封装备用。使用时，将少许色浆加入预聚物中，搅拌均匀后再与扩链交联剂反应浇注成制品。此法主要用于moca硫化体系，色浆中颜料含量约占10%-30%，制品中色浆的添加量一般在0.1%以下。</p>
<p>硫化助剂</p>
<p>硫化助剂主要是指硫化剂和促进剂，仅在混炼型聚氨酯弹性体中应用。硫化剂包括异氰酸酯、过氧化物和硫磺三类。异氰酸酯类中常用的有tdi及其二聚体、mdi二聚体及papi等，生成的交联键是脲基甲酸酯键，由于二异氰酸酯的挥发性大，易与水反应，且有毒性，故使用中要注意安全并防止水分进入混炼胶中。用异氰酸酯作硫化剂的优点是耐磨性好，强力和硬度较高；过氧化物硫化剂中以过氧化二异丙（dcp）用得普通，其他品种有叔丁基过氧化异丙、过氧化二甲酰等二烷基、烷基、芳烷基和二芳烷基过氧化物，硫化温度以140-150℃为宜。用过氧化物硫化剂与用异氰酸酯作硫化剂的混炼胶相比，前者可大大减少早期硫化，延长混炼胶的贮存时间，其硫化胶具有良好的动态性能，压缩永久变形小，硬度稍低，强度适中，弹性和耐老化性能均较好，缺点是不能用蒸汽直接硫化，撕裂强度和耐温性能较差，有气味；当聚氨酯混炼胶结构中含有不饱和链段时，可以采用硫磺硫化，硫磺硫化的特点是需配入较多量的促进剂，一般硫磺用量为1.5-2.0份，促进剂6.0份，常用的促进剂是m和dm。硫磺硫化的聚氨酯混炼胶可以和通用橡胶一样加工，胶料存放时间长，综合性能好，可填充炭黑提高硬度（炭黑用量不超过30份），该种胶料的缺点是永久变形较大。</p>
<p>稳定体系助剂</p>
<p>为防止聚氨酯橡胶的老化，延长制品使用寿命，可采用添加热稳定剂、光稳定剂、水解稳定剂、防毒剂和阻燃剂等配合剂。</p>
<p>01</p>
<p>热稳定剂</p>
<p>一般的聚氨酯橡胶耐热氧化性能不太好，受热易氧化变色，影响制品的外观和性能，所以抗氧剂在聚氨酯原料中间体及制品生产中是常用的助剂，用得较多的有2,6-叔丁基-4-甲基酚（抗氧剂-264）、四（4-羟基-3，5-二叔丁基基丙酸）季戊四醇酯（抗氧剂-1010）、3，5-二叔丁基-4-羟基丙酸十八酯（抗氧剂-1076）、亚磷酸三酯（tpp）、亚磷酸三壬基酯（tnp）等。</p>
<p>02</p>
<p>光稳定剂</p>
<p>又称紫外线吸收剂，可显著提高芳族异氰酸酯型聚氨酯的光稳定性，常用的光稳定剂有二甲酮类、并三唑类和哌啶类，如2-羟基-4-甲氧基二甲酮（uv-9）、2，2’-二羟基-4-甲氧基二甲酮（uv-24）、2（2-羟基-3’，5’-二叔丁基基）-5-氯代并三唑（uv-328）、双（2，2，6，6-四甲基哌啶）癸二酸酯等。</p>
<p>03</p>
<p>水解稳定剂</p>
<p>聚酯型聚氨酯橡胶在潮湿环境下特别是热水中使用时，必须添加水解稳定剂，工业上广泛应用的水解稳定剂是碳化二亚胺类化合物。由德国莱茵化工厂生产的碳化二亚胺（pcd）有两个牌号：stabaxol-1（单碳化二亚胺）和stabaxol-p（聚碳化二亚胺），前者分子质量较低，熔程40-50℃，主要以熔融状态用于聚酯型液态聚合物，如浇注型聚氨酯、聚氨酯涂料中；后者的分子质量较高，用于热塑性和混炼型聚氨酯弹性体中。国内山西省化工研究院开发的水解稳定剂pcd，其物性与stabaxol-p相类似。pcd易与聚氨酯橡胶结构中由酯基水解而生成的羧酸反应，生成酰脲衍生物，从而消除羧基，防止水解漫延，起到断链再接的作用。pcd的添加分数为2%-5%，可使水解稳定性提高2-4倍。</p>
<p>04</p>
<p>防霉剂</p>
<p>聚醚型聚氨酯弹性体的防霉菌能力很强，为0-1级，基本上不受微生物侵蚀，不会生长霉菌；而聚酯型和聚ε-己内酯型聚氨酯橡胶在湿热和阴暗的环境下容易受微生物侵蚀而长霉，尤其是聚ε-己内酯型聚氨酯橡胶长霉情况更严重，为此必须添加防霉剂。常用的防霉剂有8-羟基喹啉，8-羟基喹啉酮、五氯酚、五氯酚钠、四氯4-（甲基磺酰）吡啶、水杨酰替胺、双（三正丁基锡）氧化物、汞等。添加分数为0.1%-1%。选用防霉剂时要兼顾其防霉效果及对人体的低毒性和对环境的无污染等因素，以8-羟基喹啉酮为例，添加0.2%，防霉等级为1-2级，对制品物理机械性能无明显影响，杀菌力强而对人体毒性低（ld50=500-16000mg/kg），但有着色性。</p>
<p><img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1360" src="https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1672631568660-1.jpg" width="1080" height="734" srcset="https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1672631568660-1.jpg 1080w, https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1672631568660-1-300x204.jpg 300w, https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1672631568660-1-1024x696.jpg 1024w, https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1672631568660-1-768x522.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px" /></p>
<p>05</p>
<p>阻燃剂</p>
<p>材料的阻燃等级通常用氧指数来衡量：一级阻燃材料的氧指数&gt;38，二级阻燃材料的氧指数&gt;25。普通聚氨酯弹性材料的氧指数为19-20，属于可燃物质。当聚氨酯用于家具、建筑、汽车、铺装材料时，必须达到二级以上阻燃标准。因此，阻燃剂在聚氨酯制品中的应用相当普遍，而且是用量大的配合剂，约占聚氨酯所加配合剂总量的1/3。阻燃剂分无机和有机两类，无机阻燃剂常含有铝、硼、锌、锑等元素，如氢氧化铝、水合氧化铝、硼酸盐、氧化锌、三氧化二锑等，其优点是阻燃效果好，价廉，不产生烟雾，缺点是呈固态，密度大，给计量、输送、混合设备提出的要求较高，使用不太方便。有机阻燃剂常含卤素、磷等元素，其中以含溴的化合物阻燃效果佳，含氯阻燃剂燃烧时产生的烟雾和毒性比含磷阻燃剂大，用量较大的品种有：三（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（tcep）和三（2-氯异丙基）磷酸酯（tcpp）。除此之外，还有磷酸三酯、多聚磷酸胺、氯化石蜡等。</p>
<p>各类化学助剂在精细化学品领域中占有重要的地位，虽然其用量并不大，但品种极多，用途很广，而且附加值高，国内外许多公司都在致力开发新的助剂品种，特别是功能型助剂。聚氨酯是新兴的朝阳产业，综合性能优异，应用范围正在扩大。但是，在聚氨酯弹性材料试制与生产过程中，当前国内厂家对功能性助剂的应用尚不广泛，对通过加入助剂改善制品性能的要求也不甚迫切，这说明在认识上还有差距，科研试制单位应先走一步，将更多价廉物美的新品种助剂用到聚氨酯弹性体中，为加速我国聚氨酯弹性材料的发展作贡献。</p>

				
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