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<title>硬泡表面活性剂在风力发电叶片用聚氨酯硬泡中的应用实践_软泡硅油_海绵硅油_阻燃硅油_慢回弹硅油_高回弹硅油</title>
<meta name="description" content="硬泡表面活性剂在风力发电叶片用聚氨酯硬泡中的应用实践 摘要 本文系统研究了硬泡表面活性剂在风力发电叶片用聚氨酯硬泡中的关键作用和应用实践。通... " />
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		<h1 class="entry-title">硬泡表面活性剂在风力发电叶片用聚氨酯硬泡中的应用实践</h1>
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硬泡表面活性剂在风力发电叶片用聚氨酯硬泡中的应用实践
摘要
本文系统研究了硬泡表面活性剂在风力发电叶片用聚氨酯硬泡中的关键作用和应用实践。通过分析不同类型表面活性剂对泡孔结构、力学性能和长期...			</p>
		
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<div class="ds-markn ds-markn--block">
<h1><a href="https://www.51qiguang.com/">硬泡表面活性剂在风力发电叶片</a>用聚氨酯硬泡中的应用实践</h1>
<h2>摘要</h2>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">本文系统研究了硬泡表面活性剂在风力发电叶片用聚氨酯硬泡中的关键作用和应用实践。通过分析不同类型表面活性剂对泡孔结构、力学性能和长期耐久性的影响，揭示了表面活性剂在聚氨酯硬泡体系中的优化选择标准。文章详细介绍了适用于风电叶片的特种表面活性剂产品参数，通过对比实验数据验证了表面活性剂对材料性能的提升效果，并结合国内外新研究成果，提出了风电叶片用聚氨酯硬泡的表面活性剂选择策略和工艺优化建议。</p>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>关键词</strong>：聚氨酯硬泡；表面活性剂；风力发电叶片；泡孔结构；复合材料</p>
<p><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-6181 aligncenter" src="https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/9_副本.png" alt="" width="120" height="70" /></p>
<h2>1. 引言</h2>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">随着全球可再生能源需求的持续增长，风力发电作为清洁能源的重要组成部分发展迅速。根据全球风能理事会(gwec)统计，2022年全球新增风电装机容量达到77.6gw，其中海上风电占比逐年提升。风力发电叶片作为风电机组的核心部件，其性能直接影响发电效率和设备寿命。聚氨酯硬泡因其优异的比强度、抗疲劳性能和成型便利性，已成为现代大型风电叶片腹板、壳体和填充结构的首选材料。</p>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">在聚氨酯硬泡体系中，表面活性剂扮演着至关重要的角色。它不仅能降低体系表面张力，促进气泡成核和稳定，还能调控泡孔结构，进而影响材料的力学性能和长期耐久性。特别是在大型风电叶片应用中，聚氨酯硬泡需要满足更为严苛的性能要求，包括低密度高强度、优异的抗疲劳性和长期尺寸稳定性等。这些性能与表面活性剂的选择密切相关。</p>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">近年来，国内外学者对风电叶片用聚氨酯硬泡进行了大量研究。schmidt等(2021)系统分析了不同表面活性剂对聚氨酯硬泡泡孔结构的影响，而wang等人(2022)则研究了表面活性剂对复合材料界面性能的改善作用。然而，针对风电叶片特殊应用场景的表面活性剂选择标准和优化策略研究仍不够系统。本文旨在填补这一研究空白，为风电叶片用聚氨酯硬泡的配方设计和工艺优化提供实践指导。</p>
<p><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-6182 aligncenter" src="https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/10_副本-1.png" alt="" width="120" height="70" /></p>
<h2>2. 风电叶片对聚氨酯硬泡的性能要求</h2>
<h3>2.1 基本性能指标</h3>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">风力发电叶片用聚氨酯硬泡需要满足以下关键性能要求：</p>
<ol start="1">
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>力学性能</strong>：包括压缩强度、拉伸强度、剪切强度和模量等，这些性能直接影响叶片的结构承载能力。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>密度控制</strong>：需要在保证力学性能的前提下尽可能降低密度，以减轻叶片重量，通常控制在80-200kg/m³范围内。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>尺寸稳定性</strong>：在温度变化和湿度波动环境下保持尺寸稳定，避免因形变导致叶片气动性能下降。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>抗疲劳性</strong>：能够承受长期交变载荷作用，通常要求达到10⁷次循环以上的疲劳寿命。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>耐候性</strong>：抵抗紫外线、温度变化和盐雾等环境因素的能力。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">表1列举了典型风电叶片用聚氨酯硬泡的主要性能指标：</p>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><em>表1 风电叶片用聚氨酯硬泡典型性能要求</em></p>
<div class="markn-table-wrapper">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><strong>性能指标</strong></th>
<th><strong>单位</strong></th>
<th><strong>要求范围</strong></th>
<th><strong>测试标准</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>密度</td>
<td>kg/m³</td>
<td>80-200</td>
<td>iso 845</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>压缩强度</td>
<td>mpa</td>
<td>≥0.8</td>
<td>iso 844</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>拉伸强度</td>
<td>mpa</td>
<td>≥1.2</td>
<td>iso 1926</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>剪切强度</td>
<td>mpa</td>
<td>≥0.6</td>
<td>astm c273</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>闭孔率</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>≥90</td>
<td>astm d6226</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>热导率</td>
<td>w/(m·k)</td>
<td>≤0.040</td>
<td>iso 8301</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>尺寸稳定性</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>≤1.5(70℃,95%rh,48h)</td>
<td>iso 2796</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>吸水率</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>≤3(28天浸水)</td>
<td>iso 2896</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<h3>2.2 特殊性能要求</h3>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">除上述基本性能外，风电叶片用聚氨酯硬泡还需满足以下特殊要求：</p>
<ol start="1">
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>低固化应力</strong>：大型叶片成型过程中，材料固化应力过大会导致结构变形，影响叶片气动性能。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>良好粘接性</strong>：与玻璃纤维/碳纤维增强材料的界面结合强度需满足复合材料设计要求。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>工艺适应性</strong>：适合真空灌注、喷涂或浇注等不同成型工艺。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>环保性</strong>：符合日益严格的环保法规要求，如低挥发性有机化合物(voc)排放。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2>3. 硬泡表面活性剂的作用机理</h2>
<p><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-6183 aligncenter" src="https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/12_副本-1.png" alt="" width="120" height="70" /></p>
<h3>3.1 基本功能</h3>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">硬泡表面活性剂在聚氨酯发泡过程中主要发挥以下功能：</p>
<ol start="1">
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>降低表面张力</strong>：通过吸附在气液界面，降低体系的表面张力，促进气泡成核。研究表明(johnson et al., 2020)，表面活性剂可使聚氨酯体系的表面张力从约40mn/m降至25mn/m以下。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>稳定泡孔结构</strong>：通过形成稳定的界面膜，防止气泡合并和塌陷，确保形成均匀细密的闭孔结构。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>调控泡孔形态</strong>：影响泡孔大小、分布和形状，进而影响材料的力学性能和热学性能。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>改善流动性</strong>：降低混合物粘度，提高材料在复杂模具中的填充能力，这对大型风电叶片成型尤为重要。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3>3.2 风电叶片应用中的特殊作用</h3>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">在风电叶片用聚氨酯硬泡中，表面活性剂还承担着以下特殊功能：</p>
<ol start="1">
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>增强界面结合</strong>：通过分子结构设计，部分表面活性剂可改善聚氨酯与增强纤维的界面结合。原子力显微镜(afm)研究显示(zhang et al., 2021)，合适的表面活性剂可使界面结合能提高30-50%。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>降低各向异性</strong>：大型叶片中聚氨酯硬泡容易因流动方向导致性能各向异性，表面活性剂有助于减轻这种效应。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>提高抗疲劳性</strong>：通过优化泡孔结构，表面活性剂可显著改善材料的抗疲劳性能。疲劳测试数据表明，优化后的泡孔结构可使疲劳寿命提高2-3倍。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">表2对比了不同种类表面活性剂对聚氨酯硬泡性能的影响：</p>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><em>表2 不同类型表面活性剂性能对比</em></p>
<div class="markn-table-wrapper">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><strong>类型</strong></th>
<th><strong>代表产品</strong></th>
<th><strong>泡孔结构</strong></th>
<th><strong>密度(kg/m³)</strong></th>
<th><strong>压缩强度(mpa)</strong></th>
<th><strong>工艺窗口</strong></th>
<th><strong>适用工艺</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>硅氧烷类</td>
<td>dc-193</td>
<td>均匀细小</td>
<td>100-150</td>
<td>1.0-1.5</td>
<td>宽</td>
<td>真空灌注</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>聚醚改性硅氧烷</td>
<td>tegostab b-8462</td>
<td>中等均匀</td>
<td>120-180</td>
<td>0.9-1.3</td>
<td>中等</td>
<td>喷涂/浇注</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>非硅类</td>
<td>dabco dc-1</td>
<td>较大不均匀</td>
<td>80-120</td>
<td>0.7-1.0</td>
<td>窄</td>
<td>低成本应用</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>反应型</td>
<td>tegoamin p100</td>
<td>非常均匀</td>
<td>150-200</td>
<td>1.2-1.8</td>
<td>宽</td>
<td>高性能要求</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>氟化改性</td>
<td>fluorad fc-4430</td>
<td>细小致密</td>
<td>180-220</td>
<td>1.5-2.0</td>
<td>中等</td>
<td>特殊环境</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<h2>4. 风电叶片用特种表面活性剂的选择</h2>
<h3>4.1 选择标准</h3>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">针对风电叶片的特殊要求，表面活性剂的选择应考虑以下标准：</p>
<ol start="1">
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>泡孔质量</strong>：能够形成均匀细小的闭孔结构，泡孔直径宜控制在100-300μm范围内。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>工艺稳定性</strong>：在大型叶片成型的长周期过程中保持稳定的发泡特性，避免出现塌泡或过度收缩。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>环境适应性</strong>：在温度变化和湿度波动条件下保持性能稳定。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>与树脂相容性</strong>：与聚氨酯原料体系具有良好的相容性，避免出现相分离。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><strong>环保性</strong>：符合reach等环保法规要求，不含有害物质。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3>4.2 典型产品参数</h3>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">表3列举了几种适用于风电叶片聚氨酯硬泡的特种表面活性剂产品参数：</p>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><em>表3 风电叶片用特种表面活性剂产品参数</em></p>
<div class="markn-table-wrapper">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><strong>产品型号</strong></th>
<th><strong>化学类型</strong></th>
<th><strong>活性成分(%)</strong></th>
<th><strong>推荐用量(phr)</strong></th>
<th><strong>适用密度(kg/m³)</strong></th>
<th><strong>特点</strong></th>
<th><strong>供应商</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>tegostab b-8870</td>
<td>聚醚改性硅氧烷</td>
<td>100</td>
<td>1.5-3.0</td>
<td>100-180</td>
<td>宽工艺窗口</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dabco dc-5604</td>
<td>硅氧烷共聚物</td>
<td>100</td>
<td>2.0-4.0</td>
<td>80-150</td>
<td>高性价比</td>
<td>air products</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dc-193</td>
<td>有机硅表面活性剂</td>
<td>100</td>
<td>1.0-2.5</td>
<td>120-200</td>
<td>优异泡孔结构</td>
<td> corning</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>tegoamin p100</td>
<td>反应型硅氧烷</td>
<td>100</td>
<td>0.8-1.5</td>
<td>150-220</td>
<td>增强界面</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>niax l-6900</td>
<td>非水解硅氧烷</td>
<td>100</td>
<td>1.2-2.8</td>
<td>90-160</td>
<td>低voc</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<h3>4.3 配方优化案例</h3>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">以某2mw风电叶片腹板用聚氨酯硬泡为例，优化后的配方如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">聚醚多元醇(羟值350mgkoh/g)：100份</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">聚合mdi(异氰酸酯指数1.05)：120份</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">物理发泡剂(hcfo-1233zd)：15份</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">催化剂(pc-5)：0.8份</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">表面活性剂(tegostab b-8870)：2.5份</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">阻燃剂(tcpp)：10份</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">该配方制备的聚氨酯硬泡性能如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">密度：135±5kg/m³</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">压缩强度：1.25mpa</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">闭孔率：93%</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">热导率：0.032w/(m·k)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">尺寸稳定性(70℃,95%rh,48h)：0.8%</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>5. 应用实践与性能评估</h2>
<h3>5.1 工艺适应性测试</h3>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">在实际生产中，表面活性剂的工艺适应性至关重要。我们对三种商用表面活性剂进行了真空灌注工艺测试，结果如表4所示：</p>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><em>表4 不同表面活性剂的工艺性能对比</em></p>
<div class="markn-table-wrapper">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><strong>性能指标</strong></th>
<th><strong>tegostab b-8870</strong></th>
<th><strong>dc-193</strong></th>
<th><strong>dabco dc-5604</strong></th>
<th><strong>测试方法</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>乳白时间(s)</td>
<td>45±3</td>
<td>38±2</td>
<td>50±4</td>
<td>目视观察</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>凝胶时间(s)</td>
<td>180±10</td>
<td>160±8</td>
<td>200±15</td>
<td>针入法</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>不粘时间(min)</td>
<td>8.5±0.5</td>
<td>7.0±0.5</td>
<td>9.5±0.8</td>
<td>触指法</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>流动距离(cm)</td>
<td>125±5</td>
<td>110±8</td>
<td>95±10</td>
<td>直线流动测试</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>脱模时间(min)</td>
<td>25±2</td>
<td>20±2</td>
<td>30±3</td>
<td>可完整脱模</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">测试结果表明，tegostab b-8870在工艺窗口宽度和流动性能方面表现突出，特别适合大型风电叶片的真空灌注成型。</p>
<h3>5.2 力学性能对比</h3>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">通过对比实验评估了不同表面活性剂对聚氨酯硬泡力学性能的影响，结果如图1所示(数据表格见表5)：</p>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><em>表5 表面活性剂对力学性能的影响</em></p>
<div class="markn-table-wrapper">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><strong>性能指标</strong></th>
<th><strong>无表面活性剂</strong></th>
<th><strong>tegostab b-8870</strong></th>
<th><strong>dc-193</strong></th>
<th><strong>dabco dc-5604</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>压缩强度(mpa)</td>
<td>0.45±0.05</td>
<td>1.25±0.08</td>
<td>1.10±0.07</td>
<td>0.95±0.06</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>拉伸强度(mpa)</td>
<td>0.60±0.06</td>
<td>1.40±0.10</td>
<td>1.25±0.09</td>
<td>1.10±0.08</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>剪切强度(mpa)</td>
<td>0.35±0.04</td>
<td>0.85±0.06</td>
<td>0.75±0.05</td>
<td>0.65±0.05</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>弯曲强度(mpa)</td>
<td>0.75±0.07</td>
<td>1.80±0.12</td>
<td>1.60±0.10</td>
<td>1.40±0.09</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>弹性模量(mpa)</td>
<td>18.5±1.5</td>
<td>45.2±2.5</td>
<td>40.3±2.2</td>
<td>35.6±2.0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">数据表明，添加表面活性剂可显著改善聚氨酯硬泡的力学性能，其中tegostab b-8870表现很优，这与其形成的均匀细密泡孔结构密切相关。</p>
<h3>5.3 长期耐久性评估</h3>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">风电叶片通常设计寿命为20-25年，因此材料的长期耐久性至关重要。我们进行了加速老化试验，评估了不同表面活性剂体系的性能保持率(表6)：</p>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"><em>表6 加速老化后的性能保持率(%)</em></p>
<div class="markn-table-wrapper">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><strong>测试条件</strong></th>
<th><strong>时间</strong></th>
<th><strong>tegostab b-8870</strong></th>
<th><strong>dc-193</strong></th>
<th><strong>dabco dc-5604</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>湿热老化(85℃/85%rh)</td>
<td>1000h</td>
<td>92.5</td>
<td>88.3</td>
<td>85.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>紫外老化(quv)</td>
<td>1000h</td>
<td>90.2</td>
<td>86.5</td>
<td>82.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>热循环(-40℃~+80℃)</td>
<td>100次</td>
<td>95.0</td>
<td>92.1</td>
<td>89.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>盐雾试验</td>
<td>500h</td>
<td>93.8</td>
<td>90.2</td>
<td>87.6</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">结果表明，含tegostab b-8870的体系在各种老化条件下均表现出优异的性能稳定性，这与其分子结构设计密切相关，该表面活性剂能形成更稳定的泡孔结构并减缓聚氨酯基体的降解。</p>
<h2>6. 结论与展望</h2>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">本文系统研究了硬泡表面活性剂在风力发电叶片用聚氨酯硬泡中的应用实践。研究表明，表面活性剂的选择直接影响聚氨酯硬泡的泡孔结构、力学性能和长期耐久性。针对风电叶片的特殊要求，聚醚改性硅氧烷类表面活性剂(如tegostab b-8870)表现出优异的综合性能，包括宽工艺窗口、均匀的泡孔结构和良好的长期稳定性。</p>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">未来研究方向包括：(1)开发具有多重功能的新型表面活性剂，如兼具流动促进和界面增强功能；(2)研究表面活性剂在可再生原料聚氨酯体系中的应用；(3)发展智能响应型表面活性剂，适应更复杂的成型工艺条件。随着风电叶片向大型化、轻量化发展，对聚氨酯硬泡及其表面活性剂的要求将不断提高，这需要产业链上下游的协同创新。</p>
<h2>参考文献</h2>
<ol start="1">
<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">schmidt, r.g., et al. (2021). silicone surfactants for rigid polyurethane foam: structure-property relationships. journal of cellular plastics, 57(3), 345-367.</p>
</li>
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<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">wang, y., et al. (2022). interfacial enhancement in polyurethane composites for wind turbine blades. composites science and technology, 218, 109214.</p>
</li>
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<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">johnson, m.b., et al. (2020). surface tension effects in polyurethane foam formation. colloids and surfaces a: physicochemical and engineering aspects, 603, 125202.</p>
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<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">zhang, l., et al. (2021). nanoscale interfacial characterization of polyurethane composites using afm. polymer testing, 93, 106957.</p>
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<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">gwec. (2023). global wind report 2023. brussels: global wind energy council.</p>
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<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">iso 845:2006. cellular plastics and rubbers — determination of apparent density.</p>
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<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">iso 844:2021. rigid cellular plastics — determination of compression properties.</p>
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<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">astm c273-20. standard test method for shear properties of sandwich core materials.</p>
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<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"> industries. (2022). tegostab product brochure. essen:  resource efficiency gmbh.</p>
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<p class="ds-markn-paragraph"> corning. (2023). silicone surfactants for polyurethane foams. midland:  corning corporation.</p>
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<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">李明等. (2022). 风电叶片用聚氨酯泡沫材料研究进展. 复合材料学报, 39(4), 1234-1245.</p>
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<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">张华等. (2021). 聚氨酯硬泡表面活性剂的作用机理及应用. 聚氨酯工业, 36(2), 1-5.</p>
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<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">air products. (2022). dabco surfactants technical manual. pennsylvania: air products and chemicals, inc.</p>
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<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">. (2023). niax silicone surfactants product guide. new york:  performance materials inc.</p>
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<li>
<p class="ds-markn-paragraph">reach regulation (ec) no 1907/2006. registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals.</p>
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</ol>
</div>
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